Aromatic polycarboxylic acids, such as terephthalic acid, phthalic acid, trimellitic acid, trimesic acid and pyromellitic acid,are important bulk chemicals in modern industry. They can be used to prepare diverse polymers that have been widely applied in variousaspects of our daily life. Industrially, these compounds are obtained by catalytic oxidation of petroleum-derived aromatic hydrocarbons atelevated temperature and pressure. In the context of dual carbon strategy, using renewable biomass to replace traditional fossil energy toproduce chemicals is of great significance. The process for biomass conversion included catalytic degradation of biomass into a series ofC1-C6 platform molecules, and subsequent carbon-carbon couplings of these compounds. This review carefully summarized the advancesin catalytic conversion of biomass-based compounds into aromatic polycarboxylic acids. The novelty of these works is the establishment ofnew biomass-based synthetic process towards aromatic polycarboxylic acids, and the key challenging step is the construction of aromaticrings. To address this issue, two strategies have been developed: ① Diels-Alder reaction of furans with olefins and subsequent aromatization via dehydration. ② Alcohol dehydration to dienes and subsequent Diels-Alder reaction, followed by aromatization via dehydrogenation. This review is categorized by the types of aromatic polycarboxylic acids, including terephthalic acid, phthalic anhydride/ acid,benzenetricarboxylic acid, and pyromellitic acid. This review provides important guidance for the development of new biomass conversionsystem and process optimization.