Peat methane conversion has the status of low methaneproduction. It is necessary to explore the effect of acid and alkali pretreatment on peat methane production, to promote peat biomethane conversion. Using herbaceous peat as raw material, biomethane fermentation was carried out after acid and alkali pretreatment, the effects of acid and alkali pretreatment on peat methane fermentation daily gas production, total gas production, humic acid concentration, acetic acid concentration, glucose concentration, pH value were analyzed. The results show that the highest daily gas production value on the 5th day of the acid pretreatment group is 8.71 mL/g, which is 193.27% higher than that of the acid pretreatment control group, and the peak daily gas production of the alkali pretreatment group is 3.67 mL/g on the 5th day, which increases by 83.5% than the alkali pretreatment control group. The total gas production of the acid pretreatment group is 41.95 mL/g, which is an increase of 90.68% compared with the acid pretreatment control group, and the total gas production of the alkali pretreatment group is 44.27 mL/g, which is 61.28% higher than the alkali pretreatment control group. Acid and alkali pretreatment are beneficial to promote the degradation of organic matter in the peat methane fermentation system, and alkali pretreatment has better effect on the production of biomethane from peat, significantly increase the biomethane production from peat.