In order to ensure the application effect of coal based super hard bitumen (SHA) in asphalt modification, the phase composition of SHA was detected by means of X ray diffraction, infrared spectrum and chemical composition analysis. The performance indexes of SHA modified asphalt were tested by means of penetration test, softening point, viscosity and aging test method. Combined with the previous research, SHA was compared with 3 kinds of naturalasphalt, and the characteristics of SHA phase composition and asphaltene structure parameters were discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of SHA as asphalt modifier were analyzed, and the relationship between SHA material composition and performance index of modified asphalt was summarized. The results show that SHA has the same four components as asphalt and natural asphalt, and the asphaltene content is low (19.7%), and the content of gum is high (23.1%). The unsaturated degree of SHA molecular structure is much higher than that of petroleum pitch, and its polarity is large. Its asphaltene has high aromatization degree and is an aromatic structure with high condensation degree. The aromatic layer spacing and saturated part spacing of asphaltene are basically the same as those of petroleum asphalt and natural asphalt. When SHA is used as asphalt modifier, the performance of asphalt modified asphalt is more consistent with that of natural asphalt modified asphalt. With the increase of the amount of SHA modifier, the penetration rate of modified asphalt decreases, the softening point increases, the ductility decreases, the temperature sensitivity of asphalt decreases, but the aging resistance of modified asphalt is improved. The asphalt modification effect is closely related to the four component content and insoluble content of the modifier.