Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash，as a kind of hazardous waste, has been a research hotspot for resource treatment by reasonable means. The carbonation of MSWI fly ash for CO2 storage has been widely concerned in recent years. In this paper, the status of carbonation treatment of MSWI fly ash was systematically analyzed. Firstly, the composition and treatment methods of MSWI fly ash were briefly described. The main components include CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, soluble Na/K salts and heavy metals, etc. At present, they are mainly treated by cement solidification, melting solidification and chemical treatment. The carbonation reaction mechanism was described. The potential of CO2 isolation from fly ash was introduced from the aspect of the influence of fly ash components on carbon fixation rate. Then, the influencing factors of the carbonation reaction of MSWI fly ash were analyzed, including reaction temperature, liquid-solid ratio, reaction atmosphere, CO2 volume fraction, reaction pressure, particle size, reaction time and process conditions, etc. It is concluded that: different reaction conditions have different requirements for temperature and CO2 volume fraction, the liquid-solid ratio is generally about 0.3, the existence of SO2 in the reaction atmosphere hinders the reaction forward. The reaction pressure doesn′t affect the carbonation equilibrium, but it plays an important role in the whole process kinetics. Too large or too small particles are unfavorable to the reaction. The carbonation rate decreases with time, and the liquid-phase reaction is better than the gas-solid direct carbonation. The carbonation process model of MSWI fly ash, including leaching-precipitation model, shrinking core model and surface covering model was introduced. The simulation results of carbonation reaction kinetics were analyzed. The results show that the relative strength of interfacial reaction and diffusion depends on the amount of water. Finally, the influence of carbonation reaction on heavy metal and soluble salt leaching behavior of MSWI fly ash was analyzed. The potential application prospect and challenge of carbonation treatment of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash were prospected, so as to provide a way for the carbonation treatment of fly ash from solid waste incineration.