Abstract: Against the backdrop of global climate governance and the low-carbon transformation of energy, wind power, as a clean energy source with great development potential, serves as a core starting point for all countries to optimize their energy structures and advance carbon neutrality arrangements. This paper constructs a four-dimensional analytical framework of “international benchmarking – domestic evolution – core breakthroughs – future trends”. It horizontally compares the development logic and technological evolution paths of the wind power industry at home and abroad, vertically sorts out the phased development context of China’s wind power sector, systematically analyzes the core technical systems for offshore wind power and low-wind-speed resource exploitation, and clarifies the internal logic of policy evolution supporting industrial development. The wind power industry in Europe and the United States started earlier. After long-term accumulation, it has formed a mature and complete progressive development system covering onshore, nearshore and deep-sea wind power, with steady technological iteration and sound supporting standards and market mechanisms. China’s wind power industry has a shorter development cycle. Supported by top-level policy guidance and a complete domestic industrial chain, it has embarked on a compressed catch-up path, accomplishing a full transformation from the introduction and digestion of foreign technologies to independent research and innovation, and further to technological leadership in multiple fields. It has built unique industrial competitive advantages in large-capacity complete wind turbines, deep-sea wind power, and low-wind-speed adaptive equipment. China’s wind power industry has achieved two pivotal technological leaps: the full localization of megawatt-class wind turbines and the expansion of offshore wind power from nearshore to deep seas. A third industrial transformation centered on intelligence and full-scenario adaptability will unfold in the future. A complete set of technologies suited to China’s complex marine environments has taken shape in offshore wind power, with floating wind power and long-distance power transmission technologies maturing continuously. Relying on special blades and high towers, low-wind-speed wind power taps into the wind energy potential of inland central and eastern regions, while relevant policies for distributed rural wind power further broaden industrial application scenarios. The industry still faces practical constraints including insufficient grid absorption, high costs for deep-sea development, and room for improvement in the long-term reliability of ultra-large wind turbines. Moving forward, China’s wind power sector will pursue continuous innovation along five major directions: upsizing, differentiated regional development, large-scale deep-sea exploitation, multi-energy complementary coordination, and full industrial chain digital intelligence. Digital technologies such as artificial intelligence and digital twins will be integrated to improve system regulation capacity, transforming wind power from a supplementary energy source into a core energy source of the new power system, and providing mature Chinese industrial solutions and technical experience for the delivery of China’s Dual Carbon Strategy and the global green energy transition.