Abstract: As a key energy conversion technology adapting to China’s resource endowment of “rich in coal, poor in oil, and scarce in gas”, the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis （FTS） technology has achieved a leap from laboratory research to large-scale industrialization. It has demonstrated remarkable effects in safeguarding China’s energy security, providing a variety of high-value-added products, and producing clean fuels. However, the coal-based FTS technology has relatively high carbon emissions, which poses a prominent contradiction with China’s “dual carbon” goals. The CO₂ emission per ton of its products is as high as 6.86−9.00 tons, making emission reduction and transformation an imminent task. Sources of carbon emissions in multiple links of FTS are systematically analyzed, and technical progress and engineering practices of low-carbon FTS in recent years are reviewed from four core paths: Research and development of low-carbon catalysts, process integration and optimization, integration of carbon capture and storage （CCS）, and substitution of renewable carbon sources. The role of hydrophobic modified catalysts, pure-phase iron carbide catalysts, and promoter-modified catalysts in inhibiting CO₂ generation is focused on expounding. Some of these catalysts have achieved a CO₂ selectivity as low as 5%, with the carbon utilization efficiency reaching up to 90%. Process optimization schemes such as cascade utilization of waste heat, integration with the integrated gasification combined cycle （IGCC） power generation system, and coupling with green electricity and green hydrogen are also analyzed. The application status and challenges of CCS technology in multiple links of FTS are sorted out, and the technical paths and prospects of using CO₂ and biomass as renewable carbon sources are discussed. Among the related technologies, the production of gasoline via CO₂ hydrogenation and the production of green aviation fuel via biomass-based FTS have been realized in kiloton-scale pilot operation. At present, significant progress has been made in low-carbon FTS technology in the fields of catalysts, process optimization, carbon treatment and substitution. However, in engineering practice, there are still problems such as the need to verify the stability of hydrophobic catalysts, the high cost of CCS technology, and the difficulty in achieving stable supply of biomass raw materials, which require continuous research efforts in the future.