Abstract: Polyolefins, the most-produced and widely used synthetic polymers, exhibit polymerization efficiency and product performance highly dependent on precise catalysts regulation. Current olefin polymerization catalysts, including Ziegler-Natta, chromium-based, metallocene, and non-metallocene catalysts, possess distinct structural characteristics, modification strategies, and technical challenges. Ziegler-Natta catalysts, characterized by a multi-component synergistic system comprising titanium halides, alkylaluminum compounds, electron donors, and supports, have demonstrated enhanced catalytic activity and stereoselectivity through modification strategies such as nanostructured carrier construction, multi-metal co-loading, and electron donor optimization. However, limitations persist in the regulation of high-performance polyolefins. Chromium-based catalysts, featuring Cr species supported on silica carriers, enable broad molecular weight distribution control and long-chain branching formation via carrier modification and dual-center synergistic systems. Nonetheless, challenges including Cr toxicity risks and poor copolymerization capability with polar monomers remain unresolved. Metallocene catalysts, leveraging single active sites （transition metals coordinated with cyclopentadienyl ligands） and activated by methylaluminoxane （MAO） cocatalysts, achieve precise polymer chain structure control. While strategies such as developing non-MAO cocatalyst systems reduce dependence on imported MAO, high costs and immature domestic large-scale production technologies remain critical bottlenecks. Non-metallocene catalysts, based on post-transition metal complexes with heterocyclic ligands, exhibit unique advantages in ethylene-polar monomer copolymerization through ligand design and support immobilization. However, their complex synthesis processes, susceptibility of active sites to polar group poisoning, and underdeveloped industrial applications hinder progress. Future advancements require sustained innovation in catalyst technology to drive the polyolefin industry toward high-performance, functional, and sustainable development.