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    胺法捕集CO2的节能技术研究进展

    Research Progress of Energy-Saving Techniques in Amine-Based CO2 Capture

    • 摘要: 随着全球CO2排放量持续攀升,气候变化问题日益严峻。碳捕集、利用与封存(CCUS)技术作为实现大规模碳减排的关键路径,其中有机胺化学吸收法因其高效的捕集性能成为燃烧后CO2捕集的主流技术。然而,该技术面临的核心瓶颈在于吸收剂再生过程能耗过高,严重制约了其工业化推广。为突破这一瓶颈,研究者围绕降低再生能耗构建了多元化的节能技术体系。本文系统综述了胺法CO2捕集领域三类主要的节能技术路径:1)吸收剂优化,从传统单组分胺逐步发展至混合胺、非水胺及相变胺吸收剂,通过调控反应热与溶液比热容,显著降低再生显热与潜热消耗,其中相变胺吸收剂因可实现CO2产物的选择性加热,展现出突出的节能潜力,但其多相体系下的操作稳定性与长期循环性能仍需进一步提升;2)工艺流程强化,通过在吸收塔中引入级间冷却与富液循环技术抑制吸收温升、提升富液CO2负荷,在解吸塔中采用富液分流、闪蒸、级间间热及热泵耦合等策略实现余热高效回收,其中热泵耦合工艺可将再生能耗降低30%以上,但系统的经济性与设备集成复杂性仍是规模化应用的主要障碍;3)新型再生技术,包括基于胺的中空纤维膜接触器、微波辅助再生、光热驱动再生及电化学再生等,这些技术通过强化传质或替代高温热再生过程,展现出进一步降低能耗的潜力,但目前多数仍处于实验室或中试阶段,面临膜材料稳定性、光热转换效率及电化学系统耐久性等挑战。此外,本文还探讨了上述节能技术从实验室研究向工业化应用的规模化路径,分析了技术经济性与工程适配性的关键问题。最后,从吸收剂性能提升、工艺流程集成优化、新型技术稳定性与经济性评估三个维度展望了未来研究方向,旨在为高效、低能耗的胺法CO2捕集技术发展提供参考。

       

      Abstract: With the continuous rise in global CO2 emissions, the issue of climate change has become increasingly severe. As a key pathway to achieving large-scale carbon emission reduction, carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technology features the organic amine chemical absorption method as the mainstream technology for post-combustion CO2 capture due to its high capture efficiency. However, the core bottleneck of this technology lies in the excessively high energy consumption during the absorbent regeneration process, which severely restricts its industrial application. To break through this bottleneck, researchers have developed a diversified system of energy-saving technologies focused on reducing regeneration energy consumption. This paper systematically reviews three major categories of energy-saving technical routes in the field of amine-based CO2 capture: (1) Absorbent optimization, which has evolved from traditional single-component amines to blended amines, non-aqueous amines and phase-change amines. By regulating the reaction heat and specific heat capacity of the solution, the consumption of sensible heat and latent heat for regeneration is significantly reduced. Among them, phase-change amine absorbents exhibit outstanding energy-saving potential by enabling selective heating of CO2-enriched products, yet their operational stability and long-term cycling performance in multiphase systems still require further improvement. (2) Process intensification, where inter-stage cooling and rich solvent recycling are introduced in the absorber to suppress temperature rise during absorption and enhance CO2 loading of the rich solvent. In the desorber, strategies such as rich solvent splitting, flash evaporation, inter-stage heat integration and heat pump coupling are adopted to achieve efficient waste heat recovery. Among these, heat pump coupling can reduce regeneration energy consumption by more than 30%, but the economic efficiency of the system and the complexity of equipment integration remain major obstacles to large-scale application. (3) Novel regeneration technologies, including amine-based hollow fiber membrane contactors, microwave-assisted regeneration, photothermal-driven regeneration and electrochemical regeneration. By replacing high-temperature thermal regeneration or intensifying mass transfer processes, these technologies show potential for further energy reduction. Nevertheless, most are still at the laboratory or pilot scale, facing challenges such as membrane material stability, photothermal conversion efficiency and durability of electrochemical systems. In addition, this paper discusses the scale-up pathways of the above energy-saving technologies from laboratory research to industrial application, and analyzes key issues concerning technical economy and engineering adaptability. Finally, future research directions are prospected from three aspects: improvement of absorbent performance, integrated optimization of process flows, and stability and economic evaluation of emerging technologies, aiming to provide references for the development of efficient and low-energy-consumption amine-based CO2 capture technologies.

       

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