Abstract: The large amount of coal gangue produced in the process of coal mine construction and coal washing is discussed, and its comprehensive utilization potential in concrete is discussed, especially as an aggregate substitute material. The accumulation of coal gangue not only occupies land resources, but also causes serious pollution to the environment. At the same time, the increasing demand for natural sand and gravel in the construction industry has exacerbated resource constraints and ecological pressures. The use of coal gangue instead of natural sand and gravel to prepare concrete can not only reduce the dependence on natural resources, but also help reduce environmental pollution and promote the development of circular economy. The effects of water-cement ratio, coal gangue aggregate substitution rate and admixture dosage on the uniaxial compressive strength of coal gangue concrete on 7 and 28 d were studied by response surface design method, and a regression analysis model was established to reveal the influence of various factors and their interactions on the performance of concrete. Through microstructure analysis, the pore characteristics of coal gangue aggregate and its influence on the strength of concrete are further explained, which fills the gap in the existing research.